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- ****************************************
- * Aldehyde dehydrogenases active sites *
- ****************************************
-
- Aldehyde dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.3 and EC 1.2.1.5) are enzymes which oxidize
- a wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. In mammals at least four
- different forms of the enzyme are known [1]: class-1 (or Ald C) a tetrameric
- cytosolic enzyme, class-2 (or Ald M) a tetrameric mitochondrial enzyme, class-
- 3 (or Ald D) a dimeric cytosolic enzyme, and class IV a microsomal enzyme.
- Aldehyde dehydrogenases have also been sequenced from fungal and bacterial
- species. A number of enzymes are known to be evolutionary related to aldehyde
- dehydrogenases; these enzymes are listed below.
-
- - Plants and bacterial betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.8) [2], an
- enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of betaine.
- - Escherichia coli succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.2.1.16)
- (gene gabD) [3], which reduces succinate semialdehyde into succinate.
- - Escherichia coli lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.22) (gene ald) [4].
- - Pseudomonas putida 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase [5] (genes
- dmpC and xylG), an enzyme in the meta-cleavage pathway for the degradation
- of phenols, cresols and catechol.
- - Bacterial and mammalian methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (MMSDH)
- (EC 1.2.1.27) [6], an enzyme involved in the distal pathway of valine
- catabolism.
- - Yeast delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.12) [7] (gene
- PUT2), which converts proline to glutamate.
- - Bacterial multifunctional putA protein, which contains a delta-1-pyrroline-
- 5-carboxylate dehydrogenase domain.
- - 26G, a garden pea of unknown function which is induced by dehydration of
- shoots [8].
- - Mammalian formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.6) [9]. This is a
- cytosolic enzyme responsible for the NADP-dependent decarboxylative
- reduction of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate. It is an
- protein of about 900 amino acids which consist of three domains; the C-
- terminal domain (480 residues) is structurally and functionally related to
- aldehyde dehydrogenases.
-
- A glutamic acid and a cysteine residue have been implicated in the catalytic
- activity of mammalian aldhyde dehydrogenase. These residues are conserved in
- all the enzymes of this family. We have derived two patterns for this family,
- one for each of the active site residues.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVMFGA]-E-[ILSTA]-[GS]-G-[KNM]-[SAN]-[TAPF]
- [E is the active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 6.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [FYV]-x(3)-G-[QE]-x-C-[LIVMGSTNC]-[AGCN]-x-[GSTDNER]
- [C is the active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for pea 26G.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 11.
-
- -Note: omega-crystallins are minor structural components of squids and octopi
- eye lens. They are evolutionary related to aldehyde dehydrogenases but have
- lost their catalytic activity. These patterns will not detect them.
-
- -Expert(s) to contact by email: Joernvall H.
- hans.jornvall@k1m.ki.se
- Persson B.
- bengt.persson@embl-heidelberg.de
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Patterns and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Hempel J., Harper K., Lindahl R.
- Biochemistry 28:1160-1167(1989).
- [ 2] Weretilnyk E.A., Hanson A.D.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:2745-2749(1990).
- [ 3] Niegemann E., Schulz A., Bartsch K.
- Arch. Microbiol. 160:454-460(1993).
- [ 4] Hidalgo E., Chen Y.-M., Lin E.C.C., Aguilar J.
- J. Bacteriol. 173:6118-6123(1991).
- [ 5] Nordlund I., Shingler V.
- Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1049:227-230(1990).
- [ 6] Steele M.I., Lorenz D., Hatter K., Park A., Sokatch J.R.
- J. Biol. Chem. 267:13585-13592(1992).
- [ 7] Krzywicki K.A., Brandriss M.C.
- Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2837-2842(1984).
- [ 8] Guerrero F.D., Jones J.T., Mullet J.E.
- Plant Mol. Biol. 15:11-26(1990).
- [ 9] Cook R.J., Lloyd R.S., Wagner C.
- J. Biol. Chem. 266:4965-4973(1991).
-